I invite students to test philosophical theories against complex, real-world cases. Discussing tidy arguments alongside messy examples helps them see how philosophical reasoning applies to lived realities. For instance:

• a single mother in an inner-city community whose addiction to crack cocaine leads her to neglect her children;

• the long-standing lack of dermatology training for diagnosing skin conditions on darker skin tones, which became especially visible during the COVID-19 pandemic;

• victims of long-term sexual violence who face community victim-blaming and begin to internalize that blame;

• the international surrogacy market, where young Indian women serve as surrogates for wealthy foreign clients, raising questions about exploitation, autonomy, and global inequality.